Volcanoes
Intro
A volcano is an opening in a planet's surface that allows magma,
volcanic ash, and gases to escape from below the crust. Volcanoes are
usually found where plates of the Earth is separating. A mid-oceanic
ridge has examples of volcanoes caused by plates pulling apart; the
Pacific Ring of Fire has examples of volcanoes caused by plates coming
together. Volcanoes are usually created where two tectonic plates slide
past one another. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and
thinning of the Earth's crust, such as in the East African Rift, the Wells Gray-Clearwater
volcanic field and the Rio Grande Rift in North America. There are
Shield volcanoes, Lava domes, Cryptodomes, Volcanic cones (cinder
cones), Stratovolcanoes (composite volcanoes), Super volcanoes, Submarine
volcanoes, subglacial volcanoes, and Mud volcanoes. Volcanoes are all
over the world, but volcanoes are mostly at the Ring of Fire. The ring
of fire is an area where large numbers of earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean.
Effects of Volcanoes
There are many types of volcanic eruptions and many of those eruptions are very deadly like in the time Mount Vesuvius erupted. Large, explosive volcanic eruptions inject water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride and ash into the air. Several eruptions during the past century have caused a drop in the average temperature at the Earth's surface up to half a degree for a time of one to three years — the sulfur from the eruption Huaynaputina might caused the Russian famine of 1601 - 1603. One proposed volcanic winter 70,000 years ago following the supereruption of Lake Toba on Sumatra Island in Indonesia had global consequences: killing most humans then alive and creating a population bottleneck that affected the genetic inheritance of all humans today. The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the "Year Without a Summer" because of the effect on North American and European weather. Agricultural crops failed and livestock died in much of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting in one of the worst famines in 19th century. The freezing winter in 1740–1741, which caused widespread famine in northern Europe, may also owe its origins to a volcanic eruption. The massive eruptive event which formed the Siberian Traps, one of the largest known volcanic activities of the last 500 million years of Earth's geological history, continued for a million years and is thought to be the likely cause of the "Great Dying" about 250 million years ago, which is estimated to have killed 90% of species existing at the time. The sulfate aerosols also promote complicated chemical reactions on their surfaces that change chlorine and nitrogen chemical species in the stratosphere.This effect, together with increased stratospheric chlorine levels from chlorofluorocarbon pollution generates chlorine monoxide that destroys the ozone layer. As the aerosols grow and group together, they settle down into the upper troposphere where they serve as nuclei for cirrus clouds and further modify the Earth's balance of radiation. Most of the hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride are dissolved in water droplets in the eruption cloud and quickly fall to the ground as acid rain.
The Tallest Volcano in the World
Nevados Ojos del Salado (located in Northern Chile) is the world's tallest volcano. This volcano is a stratovolcano and is 22,595 feet high. The summit complex, which is in a North East-South W direction and overlies a largely buried caldera, contains numerous craters, pyroclastic cones and andesitic-to-rhyolitic lava domes and has been the source of the most recent lava flows. A major explosive eruption took place about 1000-1500 years ago and it was producing pumiceous pyroclastic flows. The most recent eruptive activity of the volcano Ojos del Salado appears to have originated along a North North East-trending rift along the summit complex. It involved formation of a thick lava flow and at least had a dozen small cones, lava domes, and explosion craters.
The Shortest Volcano in the World
The shortest active volcano is the Taal Volcano that is located in the Philippines on the island of Luzon. The volcano is surrounded by Taal Lake, which is actually surrounded by another large island. Taal Volcano is referred to as "Volcano Island" because of the way that it rests in the center of the lake and studies have showed that this small section may have once been a part of an even larger volcano structure around the whole area. This volcano is in the northern hemisphere, and nearby volcanoes includes Pinatubo, Mayon and the Ragang volcanoes. The volcano's highest peak stands at 1,312 feet, which may seem like a lot, but is actually really small in comparison to other volcanoes that are bigger that this volcano. For a small volcano, eruptions have reached miles away, including to the capital city of Manila. The Taal Volcano is so active that scientists have labeled it as a "Decade Volcano." The label "Decade" comes from the United Nations, which labeled the 1990s as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, and volcanoes were one of the main issues with floods, hurricanes and other natural disasters.
The Most Active Volcano in The World
Mt Etna is the largest active volcano in the world. It has an elliptical base (38 x 47 km) and an elevation of about 3350 m. The volcano dominates the landscape of Sicily, Italy. Mt Etna has the longest period of documented eruptions in the world. Etna is noted for the wide variety of eruption styles. The structure of Mt. Etna consists of a series of nested stratovolcanoes, characterised by summit calderas, the most important one being the EllitticoEtnean area is generally dominated by N-S compression as the result of subduction of the African tectonic plate under the Eurasian plate.
Mount St. Helens
Mount St. Helens is an active stratovolcano at Skamania County, Washington, and in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Mount St. Helens took its English name from the British diplomat Lord St. Helens, a friend of the explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the 18th century. The volcano is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire. This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows. Mount St. Helens is most famous for its catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980, at 8:32 a.m. which was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles of railways, and 185 miles of highway were destroyed. A massive debris avalanche triggered by an earthquake measuring 5.0 on the Richter scale caused the eruption, reducing the elevation of the mountain's summit from 9,677 ft to 8,365 ft and replacing it with a 1 mile wide horseshoe-shaped crater. The earthquake was caused by a sudden surge of magma from the Earth's mantle. The debris avalanche was up to 0.7 cubic miles in volume. The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was created to preserve the volcano and allow for its aftermath to be scientifically studied. As with most other volcanoes in the Cascade Range, Mount St. Helens is a large eruptive cone made of lava rock interlayered with ash, pumice, and other deposits. The mountain includes layers of basalt and andesite through which several domes of dacite lava have erupted.
Intro
A volcano is an opening in a planet's surface that allows magma,
volcanic ash, and gases to escape from below the crust. Volcanoes are
usually found where plates of the Earth is separating. A mid-oceanic
ridge has examples of volcanoes caused by plates pulling apart; the
Pacific Ring of Fire has examples of volcanoes caused by plates coming
together. Volcanoes are usually created where two tectonic plates slide
past one another. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and
thinning of the Earth's crust, such as in the East African Rift, the Wells Gray-Clearwater
volcanic field and the Rio Grande Rift in North America. There are
Shield volcanoes, Lava domes, Cryptodomes, Volcanic cones (cinder
cones), Stratovolcanoes (composite volcanoes), Super volcanoes, Submarine
volcanoes, subglacial volcanoes, and Mud volcanoes. Volcanoes are all
over the world, but volcanoes are mostly at the Ring of Fire. The ring
of fire is an area where large numbers of earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean.
Effects of VolcanoesThere are many types of volcanic eruptions and many of those eruptions are very deadly like in the time Mount Vesuvius erupted. Large, explosive volcanic eruptions inject water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride and ash into the air. Several eruptions during the past century have caused a drop in the average temperature at the Earth's surface up to half a degree for a time of one to three years — the sulfur from the eruption Huaynaputina might caused the Russian famine of 1601 - 1603. One proposed volcanic winter 70,000 years ago following the supereruption of Lake Toba on Sumatra Island in Indonesia had global consequences: killing most humans then alive and creating a population bottleneck that affected the genetic inheritance of all humans today. The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the "Year Without a Summer" because of the effect on North American and European weather. Agricultural crops failed and livestock died in much of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting in one of the worst famines in 19th century. The freezing winter in 1740–1741, which caused widespread famine in northern Europe, may also owe its origins to a volcanic eruption. The massive eruptive event which formed the Siberian Traps, one of the largest known volcanic activities of the last 500 million years of Earth's geological history, continued for a million years and is thought to be the likely cause of the "Great Dying" about 250 million years ago, which is estimated to have killed 90% of species existing at the time. The sulfate aerosols also promote complicated chemical reactions on their surfaces that change chlorine and nitrogen chemical species in the stratosphere.This effect, together with increased stratospheric chlorine levels from chlorofluorocarbon pollution generates chlorine monoxide that destroys the ozone layer. As the aerosols grow and group together, they settle down into the upper troposphere where they serve as nuclei for cirrus clouds and further modify the Earth's balance of radiation. Most of the hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride are dissolved in water droplets in the eruption cloud and quickly fall to the ground as acid rain.
The Tallest Volcano in the World
Nevados Ojos del Salado (located in Northern Chile) is the world's tallest volcano. This volcano is a stratovolcano and is 22,595 feet high. The summit complex, which is in a North East-South W direction and overlies a largely buried caldera, contains numerous craters, pyroclastic cones and andesitic-to-rhyolitic lava domes and has been the source of the most recent lava flows. A major explosive eruption took place about 1000-1500 years ago and it was producing pumiceous pyroclastic flows. The most recent eruptive activity of the volcano Ojos del Salado appears to have originated along a North North East-trending rift along the summit complex. It involved formation of a thick lava flow and at least had a dozen small cones, lava domes, and explosion craters.
The Shortest Volcano in the World
The shortest active volcano is the Taal Volcano that is located in the Philippines on the island of Luzon. The volcano is surrounded by Taal Lake, which is actually surrounded by another large island. Taal Volcano is referred to as "Volcano Island" because of the way that it rests in the center of the lake and studies have showed that this small section may have once been a part of an even larger volcano structure around the whole area. This volcano is in the northern hemisphere, and nearby volcanoes includes Pinatubo, Mayon and the Ragang volcanoes. The volcano's highest peak stands at 1,312 feet, which may seem like a lot, but is actually really small in comparison to other volcanoes that are bigger that this volcano. For a small volcano, eruptions have reached miles away, including to the capital city of Manila. The Taal Volcano is so active that scientists have labeled it as a "Decade Volcano." The label "Decade" comes from the United Nations, which labeled the 1990s as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, and volcanoes were one of the main issues with floods, hurricanes and other natural disasters.
The Most Active Volcano in The World
Mt Etna is the largest active volcano in the world. It has an elliptical base (38 x 47 km) and an elevation of about 3350 m. The volcano dominates the landscape of Sicily, Italy. Mt Etna has the longest period of documented eruptions in the world. Etna is noted for the wide variety of eruption styles. The structure of Mt. Etna consists of a series of nested stratovolcanoes, characterised by summit calderas, the most important one being the EllitticoEtnean area is generally dominated by N-S compression as the result of subduction of the African tectonic plate under the Eurasian plate.
Mount St. Helens
Mount St. Helens is an active stratovolcano at Skamania County, Washington, and in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Mount St. Helens took its English name from the British diplomat Lord St. Helens, a friend of the explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the 18th century. The volcano is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire. This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows. Mount St. Helens is most famous for its catastrophic eruption on May 18, 1980, at 8:32 a.m. which was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. Fifty-seven people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles of railways, and 185 miles of highway were destroyed. A massive debris avalanche triggered by an earthquake measuring 5.0 on the Richter scale caused the eruption, reducing the elevation of the mountain's summit from 9,677 ft to 8,365 ft and replacing it with a 1 mile wide horseshoe-shaped crater. The earthquake was caused by a sudden surge of magma from the Earth's mantle. The debris avalanche was up to 0.7 cubic miles in volume. The Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument was created to preserve the volcano and allow for its aftermath to be scientifically studied. As with most other volcanoes in the Cascade Range, Mount St. Helens is a large eruptive cone made of lava rock interlayered with ash, pumice, and other deposits. The mountain includes layers of basalt and andesite through which several domes of dacite lava have erupted.
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